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Urantia Book Commentary and Articles

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Thursday, September 03, 2009

Hawking Radiation

A clip from a BBC documentary explaining Hawking radiation around black holes.

The Urantia Book tells us that there are several types of "dark islands" of space. Here is one that may correspond with this discovery by Stephen Hawking:

41:1.5 One Supreme Power Center of the sixth order is stationed at the exact gravity focus of each local system. In the system of Satania the assigned power center occupies a dark island of space located at the astronomic center of the system. Many of these dark islands are vast dynamos which mobilize and directionize certain space-energies, and these natural circumstances are effectively utilized by the Satania Power Center, whose living mass functions as a liaison with the higher centers, directing the streams of more materialized power to the Master Physical Controllers on the evolutionary planets of space.

Labels: astronomy, black holes, dark islands of space, space radiation, Stephen Hawking, The Urantia Book

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Friday, November 02, 2007

'Supermassive' black holes may create galaxies

Are Earth's scientists finally beginning to grasp the function of so-called "black holes?" Urantia Book students have long known of these interesting space phenomenon. In the following aricle we read of some of the newest thinking in the scientific community regarding a particularly massive "black hole" in the Milky Way. And the thinking is beginning to take on a decidedly "Urantian" flavor...
Read, and decide for yourself.

N.B.: Urantia Book references for the following article are found here: Bold text by editor.

p173:1 15:6.6 The Dark Islands of Space. These are the dead suns and other large aggregations of matter devoid of light and heat. The dark islands are sometimes enormous in mass and exert a powerful influence in universe equilibrium and energy manipulation. The density of some of these large masses is well-nigh unbelievable. And this great concentration of mass enables these dark islands to function as powerful balance wheels, holding large neighboring systems in effective leash. They hold the gravity balance of power in many constellations; many physical systems which would otherwise speedily dive to destruction in near-by suns are held securely in the gravity grasp of these guardian dark islands. It is because of this function that we can locate them accurately. We have measured the gravity pull of the luminous bodies, and we can therefore calculate the exact size and location of the dark islands of space which so effectively function to hold a given system steady in its course.

p456:4 41:1.5 One Supreme Power Center of the sixth order is stationed at the exact gravity focus of each local system. In the system of Satania the assigned power center occupies a dark island of space located at the astronomic center of the system. Many of these dark islands are vast dynamos which mobilize and directionize certain space-energies, and these natural circumstances are effectively utilized by the Satania Power Center, whose living mass functions as a liaison with the higher centers, directing the streams of more materialized power to the Master Physical Controllers on the evolutionary planets of space.

Here is the article:

These cosmic monsters appear to be key to understanding how galaxies are being formed.

By Marc Kaufman, Washington Post
October 31, 2007

For years, astronomers speculated that a giant, mysterious force lay at the center of the Milky Way, but it wasn't until four years ago that UCLA astronomer Andrea Ghez definitively showed what it was.

Using new techniques for peering into the dusty heart of the galaxy, Ghez's observations proved that scores of stars were rapidly orbiting what could only be a black hole. But it wasn't the kind of garden-variety black hole created when a star explodes and dies; it was hundreds of thousands of times as powerful -- a "supermassive" black hole, as they are now known.

Her discoveries, along with the work of scientists studying other galaxies, have in a short time led researchers to the surprising conclusion that most, if not all, of the universe's hundreds of billions of galaxies have supermassive black holes at their core. Even more striking, the astronomers have found that the black holes' mass and nature are closely related to the size and makeup of the surrounding galaxies.

Creators and destroyers

It also appears that these cosmic monsters -- which can "eat" stars whole -- are key to understanding how galaxies were formed and are still being formed today.

Black holes appear, for instance, to be both creators and destroyers -- swallowing stars or gases that come too close while also spewing out jets of super-high-energy particles and radiation generated by this violent feeding process. The jets, which can be millions of light-years in length, are believed to seed galaxies with the mass and energy that will, in time, become new stars and perhaps even planets.

Drawn to black holes

With many promising areas to research, the supermassives are drawing astronomers and astrophysicists back into black hole research. In 1915, based on purely theoretical calculations, Albert Einstein laid the groundwork for the existence of these bizarre phenomena, which have such strong gravitational pull that not even light can escape them. But research on them languished for decades because there was no way to observe them directly.

The Hubble Space Telescope provided the first real evidence of the existence of supermassive black holes -- revealing in 1994 that something was orbiting rapidly around the nuclei of some distant galaxies, suggesting the presence of a huge mass contained in a very small area.

Since then, the Hubble, NASA's orbiting Chandra X-Ray Observatory, the Keck and other very large, high-resolution ground telescopes have begun to unravel more about these central black holes -- which can be as large as the distance from the sun to well past Mars, and as small as New Jersey.

As supermassive black holes go, the one at the center of the Milky Way (about 27,000 light-years, or 158 trillion miles, away from our exurbanite sun) is dormant and small. It is believed to have the mass of almost 4 million suns and does not appear to be sending out jets of radiation. Some of the larger supermassives are hundreds of millions to many billions times as massive as our sun.

Labels: Albert Einstein, Andrea Ghez, black holes, dark islands of space, galaxies, Marc Kaufman, science

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Saturday, February 24, 2007

Dynamics Of The Ultimaton

Stuart R. Kerr, IIIMarch 12, 1992

Nearly all the matter contained in the known universe may be fundamentally different from the atoms that allow stars to shine. Invisible "dark matter", as it is commonly called, may be generating ten times the gravitational force than the visible stars alone can account for. It has been calculated that the exterior arms of a spiraling galaxy, such as our own Milky Way, should be moving more slowly than those moving within the body of the galaxy. There are fewer stars in the in the outer galaxial arms, and consequentially less gravitational mass. However, the observed rotation of the outer stars of over 150 observed galaxies is surprisingly fast.

Estimates are that galaxies must have from 5 to 10 times the mass of their shining stars to account for these observed speeds of rotation. The estimated gravity generated by the even more massive galaxy clusters, those compact aggregations of individual galaxies, indicates the presence of dark matter 10 to 20 times the mass of the visible matter. Both reckoned accounts point to a substantial discrepancy regarding "observed" and "predicted" matter content in the cosmos.

There have been put forth by the scientific community many proposals that attempt to account for this missing mass. In order for so-called "brown dwarves" - cool, dim stars one-tenth to one-hundredth the mass of our sun - to account for the extra mass necessary to generate observed gravitational forces, 1000 of these imperceptible stars would be necessary for each visible star (about 100 trillion per galaxy). Along the same line of reasoning, billions of "black holes" - intense vortices of gravity arising from the collapse of massive hydrogen stars - are estimated per galaxy as necessary to account for the missing mass. These black holes, which are likely the "dark gravity bodies" referred to in The Urantia Book, gravitationally ensnare surrounding space-matter which, in turn, is expected to produce abundant emissions of X-rays. But, so far, extensive X-ray searches of the heavens have not conclusively identified any black holes.

The elusive family of neutrinos, an assemblage of sub-atomic particles whose presence in the cosmos is considered pervasive and whose masses are only conjectured, have been taken to account for the excessive gravity in galaxies. These mysterious neutrinos are expected in most theoretical models of particle physics, such as the Grand Unification Theory (GUT), that comprehensively attempt to interrelate all universe forces and manifestations of matter into one unified whole, operating within one fundamental principle of cosmic reality. Neutrinos have been virtually undetectable except for the infinitesimal gravitational force they exert on atoms; they are conjectured to possess an extremely tiny mass. Because the energy of a neutrino is so small and the margin of error in measurement so great, various approaches to measuring this mass have proven inconclusive.

Neutrino masses play an important role in the theories of astrophysics and cosmology. The best laboratory determination for the upper bounds on the neutrinos are uncertain, but experimentation decidedly indicates a restrictively minute mass. The best astrophysical and cosmological bounds are even more restrictive. In 1985, John J. Simpson of the University of Guelf in Ontario was the first to report the possible presence of a heavy neutrino with a calculated mass of 17 kilo-electron-volts (keV). The mass of an electron is 511 keV, and the electron itself is surmised to be founded on smaller sub-electronic particle components; the hypothetical electron neutrino is one such constituent. Simpson's particle, a "heavy" neutrino, is determined to be electrically neutral and to be weakly interactive with ordinary matter. This same particle description is used by The Urantia Book to describe inter-associations of the ultimaton as they position themselves intra-electronically within the electron.

The Urantia Book tells us that what we would designate as "empty space", actually contains approximately the equivalent mass of about 100 ultimatons, the mass of one electron, in every cubic inch. On a cosmological scale, this ultimatonic mass adds up to be of considerable magnitude; the gravitational effect on the physical universe would be expansively immense.

The question becomes, then: Are ultimatons and neutrinos one and the same reality? If not, are they in any fashion related to one another? Now, we are told that ultimatons are not subject to linear gravity as are atoms and electrons; at least this is true for unassociated ultimatons. This lack of linear gravity response is also characteristic of unattached and uncharged organizations of sub-electronic energy particles. However, when pre-electronic matter becomes activated by X-rays and other powerful energy sources, it becomes slightly gravity responsive. Otherwise, unassociated ultimatons respond only to the circular gravity pull of Paradise; they are held in the universal space drift, forever swinging through pervaded space in the exact gigantic outlines of Paradise.

In the creation of matter as we know it, ultimatons are slowed down through many phases of physical activity before they attain the revolutionary-energy (spin) prerequisites to electronic organization. Linear gravity begins to become operative with this progressive development towards the electronic organization of matter; mass response to linear gravity becomes operative.

Functioning by inherent mutual attraction, ultimatons cluster according to their axial revolutionary velocities and these revolutions determine the negative and positive natures of several types of electronic units. Aggregating clusters of ultimatons, the primal physical units of material existence, collect in groups of one hundred to make up the constitution of an electron. There are never more nor less than one hundred ultimatons in the typical electron. Any variation of this number less than one hundred results in the loss of typical electron identity, bringing into existence one of "ten modified forms" of the electron assembly.

Temperature extremes, both hot and cold, exert a great influence on the ultimaton in the realm of energy and matter evolution. Low temperatures, along with other cosmic influences, promote certain forms of electronic construction and atomic assembly; high temperature and pressure, such as exists with certain internal solar states, initiate the onset of atomic breakup and material disintegration.

''Under such pressure and at such temperature all atoms are degraded and broken up into their electronic and other ancestral components; even the electrons and their associations of ultimatons may be broken up, but the suns are not able to degrade the ultimatons" [[UB 463:5] There are no cosmic conditions of heat or pressure which are capable of converting ultimatons back into their primal ancestry of emergent energy.

It may be the combination of these peculiarities connected with the unusual properties of the ultimaton that have made its direct discovery so elusive. The lone unassociated ultimaton as well as its various sub-electronic combinations that comprise the existence of the ten revealed modified forms of the electron, are truly existent at the very doorstep of emergent physical reality. They become manifest within that shadowy transition zone that separates the pure energy of nascent cosmic force from the phenomena of physical matter in all of its universe power. These various ultimatonic associations, as disclosed within The Urantia Book, might provide a correlated basis for three currently investigated members of the neutrino family, a proposed fourth neutrino, and possibly another six undiscovered neutrino manifestations. Their someday discovery might well bring the scientific community to the very brink of knowable physical (emerged) reality.

Mankind would then reach the true and final particle foundation on which all other particle manifestations, including the neutrinos, are built. This search would conceivably lead to the discovery of the ultimate "monad" whose primal reality can only have Paradise, the source of all energies and the source of that from which all materialization is derived, as its most primal nucleus.

A Service ofThe Urantia Book Fellowship

Labels: black holes, dark matter, electron, galaxies, gravitational force, neutrinos, Paradise, Stuart R Kerr, temperature extreme, ultimaton